Search results

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overall picture of the five articles included in this issue highlighting their contributions and revealing the importance of academic research for arts and culture management as a nascent topic in the Latin American context.

This paper elaborates a critical description of the main aspects of the papers included. The contributions are grouped together around central topics pertaining to arts and culture management such as: audience creation and environment; museums, competition and efficiency; and management skills and entrepreneurship.

The contributions of the articles are as diverse as the topics included in them. Some highlight the importance of the context in audience creation processes, others reveal the determinants of the institutional variables in the efficiency of artistic organisations, and a final one, reveals the deconstruction of an artistic genre and its contribution to the comprehension of organisations’ innovation processes. However, the most important contribution, within the Latin American context, consists basically in a process of dissemination and knowledge of the research developed in different international contexts and which may apply to the analysis of arts and culture management in the region.

As noted in the body of this paper, the topic of cultural management is novel and has acquired notable importance in developed economies in which the arts and culture sector has strategic value. Latin America reveals an institutional revolution which situates the cultural sector in a predominant position where its contribution to the creation of social and economic value turns it into a key field in Latin American societies. Arts and culture constitute a factor of value creation which requires carefully planned and pertinent management processes. This publication, through its five contributions, all European, is a valuable tool of dissemination for knowledge and management in Latin America, where academic research into the sector is, as yet, incipient.

El propósito del presente texto consiste en proporcionar una visión de conjunto de la Gestión del arte y la cultura, a través de cuatro artículos, señalando sus aportes y mostrando la importancia de la investigación académica, proceso naciente en el contexto Latinoamericano. Sus aportes son diversos, algunos muestran la importancia del contexto en los procesos de creación de públicos, otros la importancia del concepto de competencia en la gestión de los museos, y un último, la deconstrucción de un género artístico y su aporte a la comprensión de los procesos de innovación en las organizaciones.

El texto presenta una descripción crítica de los aspectos más importantes de los artículos incluidos. Las contribuciones incluidas se agrupan alrededor de temas centrales relacionados con la gestión del arte y la cultura como son: Creación de audiencias y entorno; Museos, competencia y eficiencia; y habilidades administrativas y emprendimiento.

Sin embargo, la contribución más importante, dentro del contexto latinoamericano, consiste básicamente en un proceso de difusión y conocimiento de los procesos de investigación que se desarrollan en diferentes contextos internacionales y que pueden tener vigencia en el análisis de los procesos de gestión artística y cultura, propios de la región. Como se señala en el cuerpo del artículo, el tema de la gestión cultural es novedoso y ha adquirido una notable importancia en los países de economías desarrolladas donde el sector del arte y la cultura cumple un valor estratégico.

En América Latina se observa una evolución institucional que está situando al sector cultural en un lugar preponderante, donde su contribución a la creación de valor social y económico, lo convierte en un dominio clave en las sociedades latinoamericanas. El arte y la cultura es un factor de creación de valor que requiere procesos de gestión cuidadosos y pertinentes. La presente publicación a través de sus cinco contribuciones, todas Europeas, constituye una valiosa herramienta de difusión para el conocimiento y gestión en América Latina, donde el desarrollo de la investigación académica del sector es aún incipiente.

The study presented in this article aims to examine the impact of the leveraging of three distinct ambush marketing strategies that are under-researched in the literature: Promotion, Event, and Broadcast.

An experiment was conducted where the type of ambush strategy was manipulated (i.e. Promotion, Event, Broadcast, no ambush) as well as the market dominance of the sponsor (i.e. dominant or non-dominant) and the congruence level between the event and the sponsor (i.e. high or low congruence).

Ambush strategies' impacts differ widely. The Broadcast strategy is the most harmful to the identification of the actual sponsor; the Event strategy favors the identification of the pseudo-sponsor as the sponsor, while the Promotion strategy is both harmful to the actual sponsor and beneficial for the pseudo-sponsor. Furthermore, although dominant brands benefit more from their sponsorships, they are more affected by an ambush than non-dominant brands.

Only one sponsor and one pseudo-sponsor were considered at a time. In addition, digital media were not investigated as vectors of ambush marketing. Further research where multiple sponsors and pseudo-sponsors are leveraging their associations to an event, using both off and on-line media, needs to be undertaken.

Against the Promotion strategy sponsors need to create not only strong but also unique associations with the event. The Event strategy can be circumvented with preemptive smaller scale events. Exclusive access to the program broadcast for event sponsors can protect against pseudo-sponsors.

This study is the first to provide empirical evidence regarding the impact of the Promotion, Event, and Broadcast strategies. Previous studies had focused almost exclusively on another strategy: the airing of commercials by pseudo-sponsors during event broadcast against which most sponsors are now effectively protected.

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of two different extension strategies, namely brand extension and co‐branding, on consumer attitude toward an extension in the context of the arts.

An experiment was conducted in which the type of extension strategy, as well as other variables identified as potentially having an impact on consumer attitudes, were manipulated.

The results showed that, whatever extension strategy is chosen, the new product should be congruent with the arts organization's activities and should be of low complexity. If these conditions are met, a co‐branding strategy appears to be preferable.

Because only two arts organizations were analyzed in this study, i.e. museums and symphonic orchestras, future studies should consider other domains of the arts. New products introduced as brand extensions should be simple and congruent with the business activities of the arts organization. If the product is not congruent with the organization's activities, then simple brand extension appears be a better strategy.

This study has examined the extent to which marketing strategies that work for conventional goods and services may succeed in the case of artistic and cultural products. It brings valuable knowledge to managers of arts organizations and marketing researchers with respect to the impact of brand extension strategies in the arts.

The country‐of‐origin literature has focused mainly on tangible products and has neglected largely intangible services and products such as the arts. The objective of this study is to examine the impact that country of origin may have on consumer perceptions of artistic and cultural products and to explore the variables that explain how consumers form their perceptions of countries as producers of cultural products.

A survey was conducted among adult consumers in Australia, Canada, Italy, Switzerland, and the USA that assessed participants' perceptions of 16 countries with respect to their reputation for nine cultural products.

The results indicate that product‐country images in the arts are affected by country and product familiarity as well as consumers' openness to foreign cultures and home country bias. Countries more proximate to the participants' home country were also better evaluated, especially when the proximity factor played a significant role in the consumption of cultural products.

While almost all of the hypotheses were supported, additional research is needed to examine the cultural products of non‐Western and emerging markets as well as product‐country perceptions in these markets.

This study extends our understanding of country‐of‐origin effects in the context of aesthetic, intangible, and complex products that elicit both cognitive and affective responses. It demonstrates that familiarity with a country of origin has a stronger association with positive perceptions of product‐country reputation than does product familiarity, and that openness to foreign cultures, home country bias, and proximity have a positive effect on product‐country evaluations.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how researchers in the field of arts marketing are gradually abandoning the traditional marketing concept in order to respond to established and emerging modes of audience engagement.

The study is based on a comprehensive content analysis of the past three decades of journal articles related to arts marketing.

The results of the content analysis highlight that a paradigm shift in arts marketing has occurred over the past two decades, from an overriding focus on neoliberal processes of consumption towards a relational, humanistic approach, which aims to enrich audiences and interrogate the wider value and impact of their arts experiences.

The logical conclusion to be derived from this paradigmatic shift is that “arts marketing” is increasingly becoming an outmoded misnomer, which suggests the need for a fundamental reassessment of the traditional arts marketing concept.

In order to develop meaningful relationships with audiences, arts and cultural organisations should prioritise the long-term relational approaches offered by audience engagement over short-term tactical activities such as segmentation and promotion.

The paper advocates a radical reconceptualization of the field that would replace the transactional 4P model with a relational 4E model, derived from an adoption of theories, processes and practices related to the elements of experience, exchange, environment and engagement.

Francois Quesnay, known as the “Confucius of Europe”, was profoundly influenced by traditional Chinese culture to form his thoughts, which contained strong Chinese characteristics. This paper aims to examine economic thought of Francois Quesnay from the perspective of the construction of socialist political economics with Chinese characteristics.

Moreover, his thoughts also profoundly influenced subsequent economists, such as Adam Smith and Karl Marx. It can be said that Francois Quesnay was at the intersection of Chinese, Western and Marxist thought systems, so it is quite important to examine his thoughts critically and conduct source-tracing in China.

Hence, in the process of constructing and developing socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, there is an urgent need to focus on exploring the value of excellent traditional Chinese culture at the theoretical level and combining the development and dissemination of the history of thoughts and the historical position of Chinese reality to realize the innovation and development of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics.

Meanwhile, while absorbing nutrition from excellent traditional Chinese culture, it is necessary to establish scientific coordinates rather than use the discourse systems and paradigms of Western economics to interpret ancient Chinese economic thoughts. It is necessary to adhere to, inherit and develop Marxist political economy and absorb nutrition from Chinese excellent traditional culture to construct socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics.

Past theorizing and empirical work suggest that long-standing strategic leaders generate harmful attention and information-processing effects in their organizations, which in turn impair organizational learning and performance. In contrast, our argument is that longevity and its attendant inertia foster useful transformational and strategic persistence for organizations pursuing stretch goals. Through attentional vigilance and restricted focus, inertia may create the cognitive profile necessary for effective learning when organizations pursue the seemingly impossible. We empirically examine our ideas in the context of the French royal navy and the naval battles it had with the British in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. More specifically, we focus on two distinct but related stretch periods during which the French royal navy was tasked with building a powerful naval force and using it to gain naval supremacy over Great Britain. Given its exceptionally weak starting position at the beginning of the two studied periods and its desire to displace the established and advantaged navy of the era, the French had a lofty task. Our results are supportive of the stability argument, with leader longevity and inertia being positive for outcomes.

Discuss in detail the uses which might legitimately be made of the following passage by the writer of a profound study of economic life and thought in France at the end of the reign of Louis XIV. In answering the question make full use of your knowledge of (a) historical criticism; (b) French economic and general history.